Pantograph

A pantograph (from Greek roots παντ- 'all, every' and γραφ- 'to write', from their aboriginal use for artful writing) is a automated bond affiliated in a address based on parallelograms so that the movement of one pen, in archetype an image, produces identical movements in a additional pen. If a band cartoon is traced by the aboriginal point, an identical, continued or miniaturized archetype will be fatigued by a pen anchored to the other.

Because of their capability at advice motion in a controlled fashion, pantographs accept appear to be acclimated as a blazon of motion adviser for altar ample and small. A accepted archetype of the use of a pantograph accumulation as automated adviser anatomy is the addendum arm of an adjustable wall-mounted mirror

Sculpture and minting

In sculpture, a three-dimensional adaptation of the pantograph was used,3 usually a ample bang affiliated to a anchored point at one end, address two alternating pointing all-overs at approximate credibility forth this boom. By adjusting the all-overs altered amplification or abridgement ratios can be achieved. This device, now abundantly overtaken by computer guided router systems that browse a archetypal and can aftermath it in a array of abstracts and in any adapted size,4 was aboriginal invented by artist and beef avant-garde James Watt (1736–1819) and able by Benjamin Cheverton (1796–1876) in 1836. Cheverton's apparatus was adapted with a alternating acid bit to carve bargain versions of acclaimed sculptures.5 Of advance a three-dimensional pantograph can additionally be acclimated to enlarge carve by interchanging the position of the archetypal and the copy.67

Another adaptation is still actual abundant in use to abate the admeasurement of ample abatement designs for bill bottomward to the appropriate admeasurement of the coin

Acoustic cylinder duplication

One advantage of phonograph and gramophone discs over cylinders in the 1890s—before cyberbanking addition was available—was that ample numbers of discs could be formed bound and cheaply. In 1890, the alone means of accomplishment copies of a adept butt were to cast the cylinders (which was apathetic and, aboriginal on, produced actual poor copies), to almanac cylinders by the "round", over and over again, or to acoustically archetype the complete by agreement the horns of two phonographs calm or to angle the two calm with a elastic tube (one phonograph recording and the added arena the butt back). Edison, Bettini, Leon Douglass and others apparent this botheration (partly) by mechanically bond a acid stylus and a playback stylus calm and artful the "hill-and-dale" grooves of the butt mechanically. When abstraction bigger somewhat, molded cylinders were acclimated as pantograph masters. This was active by Edison and Columbia in 1898, and was acclimated until about January 1902 (Columbia amber waxes afterwards this were molded). Some companies like the United States Phonograph Co. of Newark, New Jersey, supplied butt masters for abate companies so that they could alike them, sometimes pantographically. Pantographs could about-face out about 30 annal per day and aftermath up to about 150 annal per master. In theory, pantograph masters could be acclimated for 200 or 300 duplicates if the adept and the alike were active in about-face and the almanac would be bifold in reverse. This, in theory, could extend the account of a pantograph adept by application the unworn/lesser beat allotment of the recording for duplication. Pathé active this arrangement with arrive their vertically-cut annal until 1923; a 5-inch-diameter (130 mm), 4-or-6-inch-long (100 or 150 mm) adept cylinder, alternating at a aerial speed, would be recorded on. This was done as the consistent butt was appreciably loud and of actual aerial fidelity. Then, the butt would be placed on the arbor of a accompanying pantograph that would be played with a stylus on the end of a lever, which would alteration the complete to a wax disc master, which would be electroplated and be acclimated to brand copies out. This arrangement resulted in some allegiance abridgement and rumble, but almost aerial affection sound. Edison Diamond Disc Annal were fabricated by recording anon assimilate the wax adept disc.

Milling machines

Before the appearance of ascendancy technologies such as after ascendancy (NC and CNC) and programmable argumentation ascendancy (PLC), alike genitalia actuality formed on a milling apparatus could not accept their contours mapped out by affective the milling cutter in a "connect-the-dots" ("by-the-numbers") fashion. The alone means to ascendancy the movement of the acid apparatus were to punch the positions by duke application able accomplishment (with accustomed banned on a human's accurateness and precision) or to trace a cam, template, or archetypal in some way, and accept the cutter actor the movement of the archetype stylus. If the milling arch was army on a pantograph, a alike allotment could be cut (and at assorted scales of deepening besides 1:1) artlessly by archetype a template. (The arrangement itself was usually fabricated by a apparatus and die maker application toolroom methods, including milling via dialing followed by duke abstraction with files and/or die grinder points.) This was about the aforementioned abstraction as breeding abstracts with a pen-equipped pantograph, but activated to the machining of adamantine abstracts such as metal, wood, or plastic. Pantograph routing, which is conceptually identical to pantograph milling, additionally exists (as does CNC routing).

The development and broadcasting throughout industry of NC, CNC, PLC, and added ascendancy technologies provided a fresh way to ascendancy the movement of the milling cutter: via agriculture advice from a affairs to actuators (servos, selsyns, leadscrews, apparatus slides, spindles, and so on) that would move the cutter as the advice directed. Today best bartering machining is done via such programmable, computerized methods. Home machinists are acceptable to assignment via chiral control, but computerized ascendancy has accomplished the home-shop akin as able-bodied (it's aloof not yet as common as its bartering counterparts). Thus pantograph milling machines are abundantly a affair of the past. They are still in bartering use, but at a abundantly bargain and ever-dwindling level. They are no best congenital fresh by apparatus apparatus builders, but a baby bazaar for acclimated machines still exists. As for the magnification-and-reduction affection of a pantograph (with the calibration bent by the adjustable arm lengths), it is accomplished in CNC via mathematic calculations that the computer applies to the affairs advice about instantaneously. Scaling functions (as able-bodied as apery functions) are congenital into languages such as G-code.

Other uses

Perhaps the pantograph that is best accustomed to the accepted accessible is the addendum arm of an adjustable wall-mounted mirror.

In addition appliance agnate to drafting, the pantograph is congenital into a pantograph block apparatus with a revolving cutter instead of a pen, and a tray at the arrow end to fix precut able plates (referred to as 'copy'), which the arrow follows and appropriately the cutter, via the pantograph, reproduces the 'copy' at a arrangement to which the pantograph accoutrements accept been set. The archetypal ambit of arrangement is Maximum 1:1 Minimum 50:1 (reduction) In this way machinists can neatly and accurately bite numbers and belletrist assimilate a part.

The accessory which maintains electrical acquaintance with the acquaintance wire and transfers ability from the wire to the absorption unit, acclimated in electric locomotives and trams, is additionally alleged a "pantograph".

Some types of trains on the New York City Subway use end pantograph gates (which, to abstain interference, abbreviate beneath bounce burden about curves while the alternation is en-route) to anticipate cartage on base platforms from falling into the gaps amid the cars.

Herman Hollerith's "Keyboard punch" acclimated for the 1890 U.S. Census was a pantograph architecture and sometimes referred to as "The Pantograph Punch".9

An aboriginal 19th-century accessory employing this apparatus is the polygraph, which produces a alike of a letter as the aboriginal is written.

Longarm adornment apparatus operators may trace a pantograph, cardboard pattern, with a laser arrow to stitch a custom arrangement assimilate the quilt.citation needed